History of Artificial Intelligence, Introduction to AI, Features of AI, Types of AI, Stages of AI, Domains of AI
History of Artificial Intelligence
In 1950 Alan Turing proposed the Turing test to determine the possibility
of creating machines that think. It was the first theory in the philosophy
of artificial intelligence.
In 1951 this was the era for Game AI. A lot of computer scientists develop
programs and later rewritten them in a better way.
In 1956 this was the birth of AI. John McCarthy first coined the term
Artificial Intelligence and defined it as the science and engineering of
making intelligent machines.
In 1959 this was the First AI Laboratory set up for the research of AI.
In 1960 became the first robot was introduced to work on a general motors
assembly line.
In 1961 the first AI Chatbot called ELIZA was introduced.
In 1997 Deep Blue was developed by IBM the world champion, Garry Kasparov
in the game of chess.
In 2005 an autonomous robotic car called Stanley won the DARPA Grand
Challenge.
In 2006 companies like Facebook and Twitter started using AI.
In 2011 Watson a natural language IBM’s question answering system defeated
the two greatest jeopardy champions in a televised game.
In 2016 the first humanoid robot named Sophia was created by Hanson Robotics.
Introduction to Artificial intelligence
The term artificial refers to anything that is made by humans that are not
natural and intelligence terms refer to the ability to understand, think and
learn when we combine these, Artificial Intelligence is a
broad area of computer science that makes machine acts like human
intelligence that is capable of performing tasks or in other words it is a
simulation of human intelligence in a machine to act like humans. The goal
of AI is to behave like a brain and create intelligent and independent systems.
When it comes to the robot is a shell concealing used to power the
technology. Generalized learning, Reasoning, and problem-solving are the
capability make it as artificial intelligent
For example, we used Alexa to order products or to browse any content in
search engines so you are interacting with AI without realizing it.
Features of AI:
o It helps in decision making
o Solving complex problems
o It performs high-level computations and
o Increases the accuracy of your production
o Efficient communication
o Digital assistant
The near future of AI is expected to become a little less artificial and a
lot more intelligent. AI can automate more repetitive and huge time-oriented tasks. It helps to optimize any job and to solve the actual
problem statement.
Stages of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI)
It is a stream of intelligence that involves machines which is prominent in
performing a defined set of specific tasks. At this stage, the machines
don’t have any thinking ability. The intelligence learns about a specific
task autonomously which it has to perform efficiently. It is considered to
be a basic concept of AI and also known as Weak AI.
For example, AlphaGo is only able to play Go, but its intelligence could be
applied in various other fields.
Stage-1 Machine Learning
Machine learning is a set of tools for making inferences and predictions
from data. Machine Learning algorithms can learn from experience and produce
the desired output. It can be used in Weather data prediction, Speech
Recognition (can only recognize speech) & Natural Language Processing
(NLP), Image Recognition & Self driving cars and artificial intelligence
voice assistant’s i.e. Alexa and Cortana (Only act upon voice commands which
perform a certain action).
Types of Machine Learning
Supervised learning
· Training labeled data
·
E.g. Stroke Prediction
Unsupervised learning
·
Training data is not labeled
·
E.g. Classification of a disease
Reinforcement learning
Supervised learning can only train up to the level of best human
performance
Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
It is a general-purpose its efficiency could be applied to do various tasks
as well as learn and improve itself. It is comparatively more intelligent
and high potential than the human brain. In AGI machines will possess the
ability to think, learn, make decisions and improve themselves to perform
various tasks. It is also known as strong AI.
Stage-2 Machine Intelligence
Refers to a computer machine that is as smart as human intelligence.
Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI)
It is an aspect of intelligence that is more powerful and sophisticated
than a human’s intelligence. This includes decision-making and building
emotional relationships.
Super intelligence is the stage where the capability of computers will
surpass human intelligence. It can think about abstractions that are
impossible for humans to think.
Stage- 3 Machine Consciousness
An intellect that is much smarter than the best human brains in every
aspect of the experience.
Technological singularity
A hypothetical moment at which technological growth becomes
uncontrollable, resulting in unforeseeable changes to human civilization. We
will build a machine that is more intelligent than all humans combined.
Types of Artificial Intelligence
Reactive Machine Artificial Intelligence
It includes machines that operate based on the present data, take
into considerations only the current situation, and do not have a memory
to process information. Reactive AI machines are reactive that cannot
form a conclusion based on the evidence from the data to check their
future actions. They can perform narrowed way of the pre-defined task.
Example: IBM’s deep blue can predict the most optimal moves.
Limited Memory Artificial Intelligence
It can make informed and improved decisions from past data from its memory.
Such an AI system has short-lived while it can be used for a specific period. That can be used to store past experiences and cannot be added to the
library of experience.
Example: Self-driving vehicles use the data collected in the recent past to
get added to the static data to make immediate decisions.
Theory of Mind Artificial Intelligence
This represents an advanced class of technology and exists as a concept. That focuses on emotional and sentimental intelligence. So that human
believes and thoughts can be better comprehended.
Example: Kismet a robot head, can make human emotions and recognizes them.
Self-Aware Artificial Intelligence:
The Self-Aware AI machines have their consciousness and become
self-aware. This self-aware type of AI only exists hypothetically. These
machines are smarter than human machines.
Domains of Artificial Intelligence
1.
Machine learning
2.
Deep learning
3.
Robotics
4.
Expert systems
5.
Fuzzy Logic
6.
Natural Language Processing
7.
Computer vision and image processing
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